The first step is to check measured osmolality (comes on CMP or BMP), not the calculated one.

Avoid the common pitfalls

We frequently pick an ineffective and inadequate hypernatremia treatment, and hence the Sodium worsens for the next 1-2 days.

In this post we simplify the concept of metabolic acidosis and how to tackle in real-world settings.

We pay great attention to metabolic acidosis compared to metabolic alkalosis

We analyze three real-world ABG examples to show you how to recognize possible acid-base disorders.

Learn the IV fluid basics that most ignore!

Learn how to correctly subscribe IV fluid in clinical practice by avoiding these mistakes.

Diuresis is the renal excretion of sodium and water